Weather GLOSSARY (J-W) Terms Explained

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JET STREAM: Strong winds concentrated within a narrow band in the atmosphere. The jet stream often "steers" surface features such as front and low pressure systems.

KATABATIC WIND: Local winds a result of cold, dense air flowing downhill.

KNOT: One nautical mile per hour (1.15 mph).

LAND BREEZE: A wind that blows from the land towards a body of water. Also known as an offshore breeze.

LA NINA: A cooling of the equatorial waters in the Pacific Ocean. See El Nino and La Nina Page

LAPSE RATE: The change in temperature with altitude in the atmosphere.

LIGHTNING: An electrical discharge from a thunderstorm.

LIKELY: In probability of precipitation statements, the equivalent of a 60 or 70 percent chance.

LOW: The center of an area of low pressure, usually accompanied by cyclonic and inward wind flow. Also known as a cyclone.

MAR: Modernization and Associated Restructuring of the NWS.

MACROBURST: Large downbursts with a 2.5 mi or greater outflow diameter and damaging winds lasting 5 to 20 minutes.

MARITIME AIR MASS: Moist air mass originating over the ocean.

METEOROLOGY: The study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena.

MIC: Meteorologist In Charge.

MICROBURST: A strong localized downdraft from a thunderstorm with peak gusts lasting 2 to 5 minutes.

MILLIBAR: A unit of atmospheric pressure. 1 mb = 100 Pa (pascal). Normal surface pressure is approximately 1013 millibars.

MONSOON: A persistent seasonal wind, often responsible for seasonal precipitation regime.

MOS: Model Output Statistics.

MRF: Medium Range Forecast model generated every 12 hours by NCEP.

MSLP: Mean sea level pressure.

NCDC: National Climatic Data Center. Located in Asheville, North Carolina, the agency that archives climatic and forecast data from the National Weather Service. [Phone: 704-271-4994, or URL: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/]

NCEP: National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Central computer and communications facility of the National Weather Service; located in Washington, DC.

NEXRAD: NEXt Generation RADar. A NWS network of about 140 Doppler radars operating nationwide.

NGM: Nested Grid Model generated every 12 hours by NCEP.

NHC: National Hurricane Center. The office of the National Weather Service in Miami that is responsible for tracking and forecasting tropical cyclones.

NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A branch of the US Department of Commerce, NOAA is the parent organization of the National Weather Service.

NOAA WEATHER WIRE (NWWS): Mass dissemination via satellite of National Weather Service products to the media and public.

NOAA WEATHER RADIO (NWR): Continuous, 24 hour a day VHF broadcasts of weather observations and forecasts directly from National Weather Service offices. A special tone allows certain receivers to alarm when watches or warnings are issued. (San Francisco Bay Area 162.40 MHZ, Santa Clara Valley/Monterey Bay 162.55 MHZ.)

NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION (NWP): Forecasting weather by the use of numerical models, run on high speed computers. Most of the NWP for the National Weather Service is done at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP).

NWS: National Weather Service.

OCCLUDED FRONT: A complex frontal system that occurs when a cold front overtakes a warm front. Also known as an occlusion.

OFFSHORE BREEZE: A wind that blows from the land towards a body of water. Also known as a land breeze.

OFFSHORE FORECAST: A marine weather forecast for the waters between 60 and 250 miles off the coast.

OMEGA: A term used to describe vertical motion in the atmosphere. The "omega equation" used in numerical weather models is composed of two terms, the "differential vorticity advection" term and the "thickness advection" term. Put more simply, omega is determined by the amount of spin (or large scale rotation) and warm (or cold) advection present in the atmosphere. On a weather forecast chart, high values of omega (or a strong omega field) relate to upward vertical motion in the atmosphere. If this upward vertical motion is strong enough and in a sufficiently moist airmass, precipitation results.

ONSHORE BREEZE: A wind that blows from a body of water towards the land. Also known as a seabreeze.

OROGRAPHIC UPLIFT: The vertical forcing of air by terrain features such a hills or mountains. This can create orographic clouds and/or precipitation.

OUTFLOW: Air that flow outward from a thunderstorm.

OVERCAST: Sky condition when greater than 7/8 of the sky is covered. See Sky Terminology.

OZONE: A form of oxygen containing 3 molecules, usually found in the stratosphere, and responsible for filtering out much of the sun's ultraviolet radiation.

PACIFIC HIGH: A semipermanent anticyclone located in the Eastern North Pacific.

PARTLY CLOUDY: Sky condition when between 3/10 and 7/10 of the sky is covered.

POPs: Probability of Precipitation. (see Precipitation Terminology)

PRECIPITATION: Liquid or solid water molecules that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground.

PRESSURE: The force exerted by the interaction of the atmosphere and gravity. Also known as atmospheric pressure.

PTWC: Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, located in Honolulu, HI.

QPF: Quantitative Precipitation Forecast

RADAR: An instrument used to detect precipitation by measuring the strength of the electromagnetic signal reflected back. (RADAR= Radio Detection and Ranging)

RADIATION FOG: See ground fog.

RADIOSONDE: An instrument attached to a weather balloon that transmits pressure, humidity, temperature and winds as it ascends.

RAIN: Liquid water droplets that fall from the atmosphere, having diameters greater than drizzle.

RAINBOW: Optical phenomena when light is refracted and reflected by moisture in the air into concentric arcs of color.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY: The amount of water vapor in the air, compared to the amount the air could hold if it was totally saturated. (Expressed as a percentage).

RFC: River Forecast Center. The California/Nevada River Forecast Center is located in Sacramento.

RIDGE: An elongated area of high pressure in the atmosphere.

RUC: Rapid Update Cycle model generated every 3 hours.

SANTA ANA WINDS: Relatively warm, dry winds that blow into Southern California coastal areas from an anticyclone located over the high deserts of California or Nevada. The warmth and dryness are due to compressional heating. See also Diablo winds.

SCATTERED CLOUDS: Sky condition when between 1/8 and 4/8 are covered. See Sky Terminology.

SEA BREEZE: A wind that blows from a sea or ocean towards a land mass. Also known as an onshore breeze.

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST): Surface temperature data collected using IR satellite imagery, buoy and ship data.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORM: A strong thunderstorm with wind gusts in excess of 58 mph (50 knots) and/or hail with a diameter of 3/4" or more. A thunderstorm with winds greater than 39 mph and/or hail greater than « inch is defined as approaching severe.

SHOWER: Precipitation that is intermittent, both in time, space or intensity.

SLEET: A type of frozen precipitation, consisting of small transparent pellets.

SLIGHT CHANCE: In probability of precipitation statements, usually equivalent to a 20 percent chance.

SMALL CRAFT: Generally a vessel under 65 feet in length.

SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY: Winds in excess of 22 knots (25 mph), and less than 34 knots (39 mph), that may cause hazardous conditions for operators of small vessels.

SMOG: Pollution formed by the interaction of pollutants and sunlight (photochemical smog), usually restricting visibility, and occasionally hazardous to health.

SNOW: Frozen precipitation composed of ice particles in complex hexagonal patterns.

SNOW ADVISORY: An advisory issued when snow is expected to create hazardous or restricted travel conditions, but not as severe as expected with a winter storm.

SNOW FLURRIES: Light snow showers, usually of an intermittent nature with no measurable accumulation.

SOO: Science and Operations Officer.

SOUTHERN OSCILLATION: A periodic reversal of the pressure pattern across the tropical Pacific Ocean during El Nino events.

SPC: Storm Prediction Center. Located in Norman, OK. This office is responsible for monitoring and forecasting severe convective weather in the continental U.S. This includes the issuance of Tornado and Severe Thunderstorm Watches.

SPRING TIDE: Semi-monthly tide of increased height due to the new or full moon.

SQUALL LINE: A non-frontal band, or line, of thunderstorms.

STATIONARY FRONT: A transition zone between airmasses, with neither advancing upon the other.

STORM: In marine usage, winds 48 knots (55 mph) or greater.

STORM SURGE: A rise of the sea, preceding a storm (usually a hurricane) due to the winds of the storm and low atmospheric pressure.

STRAIGHT LINE WINDS: Thunderstorm winds most often found with the gust front. They originate from downdrafts and can cause damage which occurs in a "straight line", as opposed to tornadic wind damage which has circular characteristics.

STRATUS: Very flat low level clouds.

SUBSIDENCE: Sinking air that is associated with warming air and little cloud formation.

SUBTROPICAL JET: The branch of the jet stream that is found in the lower latitudes.

SUSTAINED WINDS: The wind speed obtained by averaging the observed values over a one minute period.

SWELLS: Ocean waves of regular and longer duration than wind waves.

THERMAL: Small rising column of air due to surface heating.

THUNDER: The sound caused by a lightning stroke as it heats the air and causes it to rapidly expand.

THUNDERSTORM: A storm with lightning and thunder, produced by a cumulonimbus cloud, usually producing gusty winds, heavy rain and sometimes hail.

TORNADO: A violent rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, pendant from a cumulonimbus cloud. A tornado does not require the visible presence of a funnel cloud.

TRADE WINDS: Persistent tropical winds that blow from the subtropical high pressure centers towards the equatorial low.

TROPICAL DEPRESSION: Tropical mass of thunderstorms with a cyclonic wind circulation and winds between 20 and 34 knots.

TROPICAL DISTURBANCE: An organized mass of tropical thunderstorms, with a slight cyclonic circulation, and winds less than 20 knots.

TROPICAL STORM: An organized cyclone in the tropics with wind speed between 35 and 64 knots.

TROUGH: An elongated area of low pressure at the surface or aloft.

TSUNAMI: An ocean wave generated by a submarine earthquake, volcano or landslide. (Also known as a seismic seawave, and incorrectly as a tidal wave).

TULE FOG: Radiation fog in the Central Valley. It forms during night and morning hours in late fall and winter months following the first significant rainfall. A leading cause of weather related casualties in California.

TURBULENCE: Disrupted flow in the atmosphere that produces gusts and eddies.

TYPHOON: A hurricane that forms in the Western Pacific Ocean.

UKMET: United Kingdom forecast model.

UPWELLING: The rising of cold water from the deeper areas of the ocean to the surface. This phenomena often occurs along the California coast during the summer.

VEERING WINDS: A clockwise change in wind direction. Veering winds with height are indicative of warm air advection (WAA).

VIRGA: Precipitation falling from the base of a cloud and evaporating before it reaches the ground.

VISIBILITY: The horizontal distance an observer can see and identify a prominent object.

VORTICITY: A measure of the amount of "spin" (or rotation) in the atmosphere.

WAA: Warm Air Advection

WARM FRONT: A boundary between a warm airmass that is replacing a cooler airmass.

WARNING STAGE: The level of a river or stream which may cause minor flooding, and at which concerned interests should take action.

WARNING: Forecast issued when a particular hazard is "imminent" or already occurring (e.g., tornado warning, flash flood warning).

WATCH: Forecast issued well in advance to alert the public of the possibility of a particular hazard (eg. tornado watch, flash flood watch).

WATERSPOUT: A column of rotating air over a body of water (ie. a tornado over the water).

WCM: Warning Coordination Meteorologist.

WFO: Weather Forecast Office. Designation of NWS operational offices after modernization.

WIND ADVISORY: Sustained winds 25 to 39 mph and/or gusts to 57 mph. Issuance is normally site specific. However, winds of this magnitude occurring over an area that frequently experiences such winds (e.g., the normal strong summertime winds near the San Francisco Bay, would not require the issuance of this product).

WIND SHEAR: The change of wind speed or direction with distance, usually vertical.

WIND VANE: An instrument that determines the direction from which a wind is blowing.

WIND WAVES: Short period and irregular waves created by the flow of air over the water.

WIND CHILL FACTOR: The amount of cooling one "feels" due to the combination of wind and temperature. The formula to calculate wind chill is: WC=35.74+0.6215T-35.75(V**0.16)+0.4275T(V**0.16)
where V=wind speed in MPH and T=temperature F. See Wind Chill Chart

WINTER STORM: A heavy snow event. In the Sierra Nevada below 7000 feet, a snow accumulation of >6 inches/12 hrs or >12 inches/24 hrs; and above 7000 feet, >8 inches/12 hrs or >18 inches/24 hrs.

WRCC: Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NV. [Phone: 775-674-7010 or URL: http://wrcc.dri.edu/]

WSFO: Weather Service Forecast Office. The San Francisco Bay Area WSFO is located in Monterey. Other WSFOs for California are located in Eureka, Sacramento, Hanford, Oxnard and San Diego.